ANTITHAMNION Naegeli (1847, p. 200; type: A. cruciatum )
Synonyms: Callithamnion subgen. Antithamnion (Naegeli) Farlow (1881, p. 122)
Callithamnion sect. Antithamnion (Naegeli) Ardissone (1883, p. 176)
Antithamnion subgen. Pteroton Athanasiadis (1996, p. 142; type: A. biarmatum )
Synonym: Antithamnion sect. Repentes J. Agardh (1892, p. 20; type: not designated)
Antithamnion adenocladellum R. Norris (1987, p. 32, figs 28, 29)
Type locality: Palm Beach, near Port Edward, Natal, South Africa
Holotype: NAT 3435 (NU-009328)
Distribution: endemic
Antithamnion aglandum Kim et Lee in Kim & Chah (1996, p. 204)
Type locality: Cheju Island, Korea
Holotype: SNU 9003241
Distribution: endemic
Note: earlier studied in culture by Lee & West (1980, topotype material, as A. nipponicum) (Kim & Chah l.c.: 211).
Antithamnion amphigeneum Millar (1990, p. 386, figs 38, 39)
Type locality: Muttonbird Island, Coffs Harbour, N.S.W., Australia
Holotype: MELU AM847
Synonym: Antithamnion algeriense Verlaque et Seridi [1991, p. 155, figs 1-10; type locality: Bordj-El-Kiffan (Algiers beach), Algeria; holotype: PC (F. 1306)]
Distribution: eastern Australia and apparently introduced to the western Mediterranean and the European Atlantic coast (Secilla & al. 1997)
Antithamnion armatum (J. Agardh) De Toni (1903, p. 1398)
Basionym: Callithamnion armatum J. Agardh (1885, p. 3)
Type locality: "Nova Hollandiae"
Lectotype: LD (Agardh 18041)
Distribution: Western and South Australia
Antithamnion biarmatum Athanasiadis (1996, p. 144, fig. 64)
Type locality: Bicheno, Split Rock, Tasmania, Australia
Holotype: GB (unnumbered: Athanas. '...18 Dec. 1992..')
Distribution: Tasmania and Victoria, Australia
Antithamnion callocladum Itono (1971, p. 209, figs 1, 2, 'calloclados')
Type locality: Biroujima near Sata-misaki, Oosumi Peninsula, Kyushu, South Japan
Type: KAG 19711
Distribution: endemic
Antithamnion hubbsii Dawson (1962, p. 16, pl. 5, fig. 2; pl. 6. fig. 3)
Type locality: Melpomene Cove, Isla Guadalupe, Baja California, Mexico
Holotype: LAM 500043
Distribution: eastern Australia, SE Africa, Baja California, Korea (Kim & Chah 1996, as A. nipponicum), Japan (Yoron I., Oodomari, Mage I.; Itono 1969; Kobe, Hachinobe; Cho & al. 2006, as A. nipponicum), North Carolina (Cho & al. 2006, as A. nipponicum), W. Norway (Rueness & al. 2007, as A. nipponicum), and Atlantic Spain (Secilla & al. 2007, as A. nipponicum)
Note: reproductive structures recently described in specimens from California, Japan (Kobe and Hachinohe) and North Carolina (Cho & al. 2006, figs 2-41, as A. nipponicum); North Carolina, Iberian, and Norwegian specimens apparently introduced. Antithamnion hubbsii differs from A. pectinatum mainly in producing new axes exclusively from periaxial cells (in A. pectinatum new axes replace a whorl-branch in a pair). The last character needs to be determined near the top of young thalli, because development of new axes from periaxial cells occurs secondarily in all species of the genus
Antithamnion okiense Kajimura (1987, p. 178, figs 7-19, 22, 23)
Type locality: Tsudo, Oki Islands, Japan
Lectotype: TNS AL-37401 (OS 9938) (Kajimura 1989, p. 153, figs 3,4)
Distribution: endemic
Antithamnion pectinatum (Montagne) Brauner in Athanasiadis et Tittley (1994, p. 79)
Basionym: Callithamnion pectinatum Montagne (1842, p. 9)
Type locality: Auckland Island, N. Zealand
Holotype: PC (Montagne unnumbered, 'Callithamnion pectinatum Mtg Auckland illustr. d'Urville')
Synonyms: Herpothamnion pectinatum (Montagne) Naegeli (1862, p. 413)
Callithamnion applicitum Harvey [1853, p. 258; type locality: Colenso, New Zealand; lectotype: TCD (Harvey unnumbered)]
Antithamnion applicitum (Harvey) J. Agardh (1892, p. 21, 1896, index p. 1)
Antithamnion nipponicum Yamada et Inagaki (1935, p. 38, figs 1-3; syntype localities: Natudomari-zaki, Mut(s)u Bay; Osyoro, Siribesi Prov., Japan; lectotype: orig.illustr. fig. 1, design. in Athanasiadis (2009); epitype: SAP 08203, undated, Ooshima, Mutsu Bay, leg. Y. Yamada, design. in Athanasiadis (2009, figs 4-12)]
? Antithamnion cristirhizophorum Tokida et Inaba (1950, p. 121, figs 3 a-d,4; type locality: Shirahama, Boshu Prov., Japan; type: Inaba No 350, Herbarium, Dept Fish., Hokkaido Univ.)
Distribution: New Zealand, southern Australia (Tasmania and Victoria), Japan (epitype of A. nipponicum) and apparently introduced to Azores (?) and Connecticut on the Atlantic U.S. coast (?)
Note: Mediterranean records of A. nipponicum probably refer to A. hubbsii (cf. Cho & al. 2006). The records from Azores and Connecticut (Athanasiadis & Tittley 1994) require confirmation as they may also refer to A. hubbsii
Antithamnion pinnafolium Wollaston (1968, p. 289, fig. 17 H-N)
Type locality: Stanley Beach, Kangaroo Island, South Australia
Holotype: AD A29504
Distribution: Western and southern Australia
Antithamnion pterocladellum R. Norris (1987, p. 30, figs 22, 25-27)
Type locality: Lander's Green Coral Reef, Park Rynie, Natal, South Africa
Holotype: NAT 2380 (NU-009329)
Distribution: endemic
Antithamnion verticale (Harvey) J. Agardh (1892, p. 20; 1896, index p. 1)
Basionym: Callithamnion verticale Harvey (1855, p. 561)
Type locality: Garden Island, Western Australia
Type: TCD (Harvey No 267)
Synonyms: Callithamnion horizontale Harvey [1855, p. 560; type locality: Garden Island, Western Australia; type: in TCD (Harvey No 254)]
Callithamnion dimorphum Harvey (1863, pp. liv, nomen novum for A. horizontale and A. verticale)
Antithamnion horizontale (Harvey) J. Agardh (1892, p. 20; 1896, index p. 1)
Distribution: Western and southern Australia
Antithamnion subgen. Antithamnion (type: A. cruciatum )
Antithamnion subgen. Antithamnion sect. Enallassomena Athanasiadis (1996, p. 149; type: A. decipiens)
Antithamnion amamiense Itono (1977, pp. 18,71, 189, 227, 247; figs 4 F, 33 F, G, 49 B, 54 C, D, 'amamiensis')
Type locality: Yoronjima, Amami Islands, China Sea, South Japan
Holotype: KAG (HI19754)
Distribution: endemic (Mageshima, Biroujima and Sakurajima in S. Japan)
Antithamnion antillanum Boergesen (1917, p. 226, figs 213-216), nom. cons.
Type locality: St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, Caribbean Sea, USA
Lectotype: C (Boergesen No 56)
Synonyms: Antithamnion lherminieri var. antillanum (Boergesen) Nasr (1941, p. 68)
Callithamnion lherminieri Maze et Schramm [1878, p. 14; type locality: Guadeloupe (France), Caribbean Sea; holotype: PC (Crouan No 1259)]
Antithamnion lherminieri (Maze et Schramm) Nasr (1941, p. 66, figs 9-10)
Antithamnion palmyrense Dawson [1959, p. 44, fig. 21 E; type locality: Palmyra Atoll (USA), Line Islands; holotype: UC (Dawson No 19448)]
? Antithamnion echigoense Noda (1972, p. 6, fig. 6; type locality: Shiiya-misaki near Kashiwazaki, Japan Sea; holotype: Noda No 2230, herbarium unspecified)
Distribution: Caribbean Sea, Brazil, SE Africa, Red Sea, Seychelles, southern Mozambique, South Japan, Philippines, South Great Barrier Reef, Line Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Baja and Gulf of California
Antithamnion compactum (Grunow) Schiffner in Schiffner et Biebl (1944, p. 110)
Basionym: Sporacanthus compactus Grunow (1867, p. 60, table VI, fig. 3 a, b)
Type locality: Gibraltar
Lectotype: HBG (unnumbered: Grunow '...Gibraltar, Novara Expedition')
Synonyms: Antithamnion diminuatum var. polyglandulum Stegenga [1986, p. 30, pl. 5, fig. 1; type locality: Swartklip, False Bay, Cape Province, South Africa; holotype: BOL (Stegenga No 700)]
Antithamnion eliseae R. Norris [1987, p. 21, figs 6-10; type locality: Palm Beach, near Port Edward, Natal, South Africa; holotype: NAT 3471 (NU-09125)]
Distribution: Gibraltar and South Africa
Antithamnion decipiens (J. Agardh) Athanasiadis (1996, p. 151)
Basionym: Callithamnion decipiens J. Agardh (1842, p. 70)
Type locality: Nice, Mediterranean France
Lectotype: LD (Agardh No 18794)
Synonyms: Callithamnion cruciatum var. decipiens (J. Agardh) Kuetzing (1849, p. 649)
Callithamnion fragilissimum Zanardini [1860, p. 11, table III, B; type locality: Dalmatia (Croatia), Adriatic Sea; holotype: in Museo Civico Storia Naturale of Venice]
Antithamnion cruciatum f. fragilissimum (Zanardini) Hauck (1882, p. 71)
Antithamnion fragilissimum (Zanardini) De Toni (1903, p. 1408)
Antithamnion ogdeniae Abbott [1979, p. 218, figs 11-14; type locality: Virgin Islands, USA; holotype: US-4031 (slide US-8592)]
Misapplied names: Antithamnion antillanum sensu Boergesen (1930, p. 51, figs 19, 20; Canarian & Mediterranean specimens, vide Athanasiadis 1985, p. 458; 1985b, p. 387; 1996)
Antithamnion antillanum sensu Schiffner (1931, p. 163; vide Athanasiadis 1985b, p. 387; 1996)
Antithamnion cruciatum sensu Naegeli (1847, p. 200, table VI, figs 1-6; vide Athanasiadis 1985b, p. 387; 1996)
Distribution: Caribbean Sea (including Atlantic Colombia, Florida Keys, Virgin Islands and Belize), Azores, Canaries, Mauritania, Mediterranean to the North Aegean
Antithamnion delicatulum (Harvey) De Toni (1903, p. 1415)
Basionym: Callithamnion delicatulum Harvey (1855, p. 560)
Type locality: King George's Sound, Western Australia
Neotype: TCD (Harvey No 529)
Synonyms: Callithamnion divergens J. Agardh [1876, p. 19; type locality: Georgetown, Tasmania; lectotype: LD (Agardh No 18804)]
Antithamnion divergens (J. Agardh) J. Agardh (1892, p. 21; 1896, index p. 1)
Distribution: Western Australia, Victoria, Tasmania and South Africa
Antithamnion diminuatum Wollaston (1968, p. 293, fig. 18 K-N)
Type locality: Middle River, Kangaroo Island, South Australia
Holotype: AD A13031
Distribution: Western Australia to eastern Australia, SE Africa and Azores
Antithamnion gracilentum (Harvey) J. Agardh (1892, p. 21; 1896, index p. 1)
Basionym: Callithamnion gracilentum Harvey (1855, p. 560)
Type locality: Rottnest Island, Western Australia
Holotype: TCD (Harvey No 327)
Distribution: Western Australia, Victoria and Tasmania
Antithamnion hanovioides (Sonder) De Toni (1903, p. 1398)
Basionym: Callithamnion hanovioides Sonder (1853, p. 674)
Type locality: St. Vincent's Gulf, South Australia
Lectotype: MEL (Sonder's original drawings 'No 43, P. Adelaide')
Distribution: Western Australia, Tasmania and N.S.W.
Antithamnion makroklonion Athanasiadis, Garbary et Vandermeulen (1990, p. 560, figs 1-8, 9 A-C)
Type locality: North Beach, Elat, Red Sea, Sinai Peninsula, Israel
Holotype: BM (unnumbered: Athanas. '...Elat 28.xi.86...'; on loan to GB)
Distribution: Red Sea, (?) South Africa and eastern Australia (Vistari Reef and Lord Howe Island)
Antithamnion piliferum Cormaci et Furnari (1987, p. 225, figs 1-9)
Type locality: Capo Passero, Sicily, Italy
Holotype: CAT 490
Distribution: endemic [Ionian Sea (Sicily and Kephallinia Island) and Ligurian coast]
Antithamnion subgen. Antithamnion sect. Pedicellata Athanasiadis (1996, p 156; type: A. tenuissimum)
Antithamnion dendroideum G. M. Smith et Hollenberg (1943, p. 217, figs, p. 20-21)
Type locality: Shale reef off Del Monte, Monterey, California, USA
Lectotype: UC (G. M. Smith No 41-525, DS 306386)
Distribution: California and eastern Australia (Port Kembla, N.S.W.)
Antithamnion densum (Suhr) Howe (1914, p. 151)
Basionym: Callithamnion densum Suhr (1840, p. 281)
Type locality: Peru
Holotype: MEL 692189
Synonyms: Callithamnion leptocladum Montagne [1842, p. 9; type locality; Strait of Magellan, Chile; lectotype: PC (Montagne unnumbered)]
Herpothamnion leptocladum (Montagne) Naegeli (1862: 413)
Antithamnion defectum Kylin [1925, p. 46, fig. 27; type locality: Friday Harbor, Canoe Island, USA; lectotype: LD (Kylin unnumbered)]
Antithamnion setaceum Gardner [1927a, p. 373-374, pls 73-74; type locality: Ocean Beach, San Diego County, California, USA; lectotype: UC 296619 (Gardner No 3534)]
Antithamnion pygmaeum Gardner [1927b, p. 413, pls 91-93; type locality: La Jolla, California, USA; lectotype: UC 296663 (Gardner No 5090)]
Antithamnion sparsum Tokida [1932, p. 105, figs 1,2, pl. a; type locality: Lake Tobuchi (lagoon), Saghalien, Japan; holotype: Tokida No 423 (herbarium unspecified)]
Antithamnion leptocladum (Montagne) Wynne (1986, p. 316)
Distribution: Peru, Chile (Tocopilla and Strait of Magellan), Baja California to Prince William Sound (Alaska), Russian coast of Japan Sea, Japan, Korea, South Africa, Tristan da Cunha, Patagonia, western Africa (Namibia), Brest and west coast of Ireland; in NW America first recorded in 1924; in NE Atlantic first recorded from Brest in 1964
Note: Lee & al. (2005) observed genotypic differences in allopatric isolates and proposed the recognition of sibling species (A. sparsum, A. defectum, A. densum)
Antithamnion erucacladellum R. Norris in Abbott & Norris (1993, p. 455, figs 12-16)
Type locality: Lanikai, Kailua Bay, O ahu Island, Hawaii
Holotype: HMA 746 (BISH 622104)
Distribution: endemic
Note: closely related to A. uniramosum from South Australia
Antithamnion heterocladum Funk (1955, p. 111, textfigs 9-11, table XXI, figs 1-6)
Type locality: Napoli, Italy
Type: not designated
Distribution: Mediterranean Sea (the earliest record by Reinke in 1880), Scilly Isles and Azores
Antithamnion kylinii Gardner (1927b, p. 411, pl. 89, fig. 1)
Type locality: Victoria, Vancouver Island, Canada
Lectotype: UC 284038 (Gardner No 3904)
Synonyms: Antithamnion secundatum Gardner [1927b, p. 413-414; type locality: San Diego, California, USA; holotype: UC 296617 (Gardner No 3525)]
Antithamnion nematocladellum R. Norris [1987, p. 26, figs 11,12,15; type locality: 9 Mile Reef, Sodwana, Natal, South Africa; holotype: NU-009327 (R. Norris No 34744)]
Distribution: South Africa, Korea, southern British Columbia to Pacific Mexico, Galapagos and Peru
Antithamnion pseudoarmatum Stegenga (1986, p. 32, pl. 5 figs 2, 3)
Type locality: Olifantsbos, South Africa
Holotype: BOL (Stegenga No 464)
Distribution: endemic
Antithamnion secundum Itono (1971, p. 212, fig. 4)
Type locality: Nishinoomote, Tanegashima, South Japan
Holotype: Itono No 19713 (herb. not specified)
Distribution: South Japan, South Africa
Note: recorded from Namibia (Rull & Gomez Garreta 2002), but based on the widely distributed A. densum (as thalli lack abaxial 2nd order branchlets borne proximally on whorl-branches and have new axes borne singly and gland cells on 2-celled branchlets; collection BCF-A 11992, re-examined in Sept. 2006, unpubl. data)
Antithamnion tenuissimum (Hauck) Schiffner (1916, p. 140)
Basionym: Antithamnion cruciatum f. tenuissima Hauck (1882, p. 71, with ref. to table II figs 1-3, 9 in Hauck 1878)
Type locality: Rovinj, Istria, Croatia, North Adriatic
Lectotype: L (Lugd. Bat. No 939.194.1056)
Distribution: Mediterranean Sea
Antithamnion uniramosum Athanasiadis (1996, p. 157, fig. 74)
Type locality: Arno Bay, South Australia
Holotype: GB (unnumbered: Athanas. '...Sept. 1971')
Distribution: endemic
Note: closely related to A. erucacladellum from Hawaii
Antithamnion villosum (Kuetzing) Athanasiadis in Maggs et Hommersand (1993, p. 10)
Basionym: Callithamnion cruciatum var. villosum Kuetzing (1861, p. 28, tab 87 II)
Type locality: Calvados, Atlantic France
Holotype: L (Lugd. Bat. No 939.194...1186)
Synonym: Antithamnion cruciatum var. scandinavicum Athanasiadis [1986, p. 707, figs 7-13; type locality: Island Mors, Limfjorden, Denmark; holotype: C (Christensen No 10061)]
Distribution: Morocco (Agadir), Portugal (Albufeira and Praia da Rocha), Atlantic France (Brest, Brittany, Calvados), Irish Sea to southern British Isles and southern Scandinavia (Denmark and Swedish west coast), North Carolina and Brazil
Antithamnion subgen. Antithamnion sect. Antithamnion (type: A. cruciatum)
Antithamnion cruciatum (C. Agardh) Naegeli (1847, p. 200, excl. text and figs)
Basionym: Callithamnion cruciatum C. Agardh (1827, p. 637)
Type locality: Trieste, Italy, North Adriatic Sea
Lectotype: LD (Agardh No 18774)
Synonyms: Callithamnion naccarianum Rudolphi in Naccari [1828, p. 56, fig. 1; 1828b: 32; type locality: Venice, Italy; holotype: M (Reinbold No 1915)]
Callithamnion pumilum Harvey in W. J. Hooker [1833, p. 339; type locality: Milltown Malbay, Ireland; lectotype: BM (Harvey unnumbered)]
Callithamnion imbricatum Schousboe ex Suhr (1840, p. 290; type locality: Tangier, Morocco; lectotype: MEL 692195)
Callithamnion dubium Zanardini [1840, p. 205 (repr. 13); type locality: Venice, Italy; type: not designated]
Callithamnion cruciatum var. radicans J. Agardh [1841, p. 44; type locality: Koster Islands, Swedish west coast; lectotype: LD (Agardh No 18737)]
Callithamnion abbreviatum Kuetzing [1843, p. 373; type locality: Genoa, Italy; lectotype: L (Lugd. Bat. No 941.313.603)]
Callithamnion cruciatum var. dubium (Zanardini) Zanardini (1847, p. 225)
Callithamnion cruciatum var. pumilum (Harvey) Harvey (1841, p. 104)
Herpothamnion abbreviatum (Kuetzing) Naegeli (1862, p. 411)
Antithamnion imbricatum (Schousboe ex Suhr) Naegeli (1862, p. 413)
Antithamnion pumilum (Harvey) Naegeli (1862, p. 414)
Antithamnion cruciatum var. pumilum (Harvey) Reinke (1891, p. 273)
Antithamnion cruciatum var. radicans (J. Agardh) Collins (1899, p. 125)
Antithamnion cruciatum var. comosum Schiffner [1926, p. 298; type locality: Napoli, Italy; type: BM (Schiffner No 89)]
Antithamnion cruciatum var. comosum f. moniliata Schiffner [1926, p. 298; type locality: Istria, Capodistria, Croatia, North Adriatic Sea; type: BM (Schiffner No 90)]
Antithamnion cruciatum var. profundum Feldmann-Mazoyer (1941, p. 258, fig. 94; type locality: not specified (probably Mediterranean France); type: not designated)
Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Canary Isles, Bermudas, Atlatic Europe to Oslo Fjord (a record from Bergen, western Norway, being potentially representative of this species or A. villosum), North Carolina to Newfoundland and recently introduced to Southern Australia (Wollaston & Womersley 1998, p. 117)
KEY TO SUBGENERA & SECTIONS
1. Thallus ramification more or less bilateral (distichous)...............................................................................................subgen. Pteroton
1. Thallus ramification with whorl-branches decussately arranged turning their flat side towards the bearing axis........subgen. Antithamnion (2)
2. Whorl-branches ramified in distichous-alternate pattern..............................................................................................sect. Enallassomena
2. Whorl-branches ramified adaxially or in irregular pattern............................................................................................sect. Pedicellata
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Athanasiadis A. 2002. Recent additions to the subfamily Ceramioideae (Rhodophyta) and the nature of the Ceramialean ancestor.- Constancea 83.6
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